News from the NNI Community - Research Advances Funded by Agencies Participating in the NNI

Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory have demonstrated a way to precisely control the size, composition, and other properties of nanoparticles key to reactions involved in clean energy and environmental technologies. They did so by leveraging ion irradiation, a technique in which beams of charged particles bombard a material.

Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania have developed a lipid nanoparticle platform to deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) to T cells for applications in autoimmunity. “The major challenges associated with ex vivo (outside the body) cell engineering are efficiency, toxicity, and scale-up. Our mRNA lipid nanoparticles allow us to overcome all of these issues,” says Michael Mitchell, one of the scientists involved in this study. “Our work’s novelty comes from three major components: first, the use of mRNA, which allows for the generation of transient immunosuppressive cells; second, the use of [lipid nanoparticles], which allow for effective delivery of mRNA and efficient cell engineering; and last, the ex vivo engineering of primary human T cells for autoimmune diseases, offering the most direct pipeline for clinical translation of this therapy from bench to bedside.” 

Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and Navajo Nation, Tuba City Chapter (Tuba, AZ) have discovered that by combining pine tree resin and silver-based nanoparticles that are present in traditional pottery, they were able to create new water filtration solution for members of the Navajo Nation, many of which still have limited access to reliable sources of clean drinking water. This ceramic water filter creates an effective and inexpensive way to disinfect water simply by pouring water through the coated pottery. Accounting for materials and production, these pots could be made for less than $10 each. 

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are just a single or a few layers of atoms thick. These materials often have exotic properties that may be useful for next-generation technologies. To fully understand these properties, scientists need advanced microscopy techniques. Now, researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the University of Vienna in Austria, and Rice University have developed a novel operating mode for a four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy technique, which allows researchers to measure the atomic-scale structural distortions, twist angle, and interlayer spacings that influence the electronic properties of layered 2D materials. 

Since it began more than two decades ago, the opioid epidemic has taken an enormous toll on people's lives. Naloxone is a medication that needs to be taken as soon as possible after an overdose. So, scientists at Harvard Medical School sought to develop a nanoparticle-based system that health care providers could inject under the skin of someone with opioid use disorder to deliver naloxone, should that person require the medication. The researchers have now designed injectable nanoparticles that release naloxone when triggered by blue light. 

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Berkeley National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a multipurpose, high-performance coating material that self-assembles from 2D nanosheets. The new material could significantly extend the shelf life of consumer products for electronics, energy storage, and health and safety applications. The material is also recyclable, enabling a sustainable manufacturing approach that could keep single-use packaging and electronics out of landfills.

Inspired by the enhanced visual system of the butterfly, researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Nanjing University in China have developed an imaging sensor capable of "seeing" into the ultraviolet range inaccessible to human eyes. The design of the sensor uses stacked photodiodes and perovskite nanocrystals capable of imaging different wavelengths in the ultraviolet range. Using the spectral signatures of biomedical markers, such as amino acids, this new imaging technology is even capable of differentiating between cancer cells and normal cells with 99% confidence. 

For the first time, scientists and engineers from the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Michigan, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands have observed, in real time, how two types of nanoparticles made from different materials combine into new composite materials. The findings could help engineers have more control over the assembly of materials that combine the desirable properties of each particle—such as photoluminescence, magnetism and the ability to conduct electricity. “We are designing new materials that combine different kinds of functions in ways that are not possible with the materials we have today," said Sharon Glotzer, one of the researchers involved in this study.

Researchers from Northwestern University, the University of Michigan, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory, and the Basque Research and Technology Alliance in Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, have developed a novel methodology to engineer colloidal quasicrystals using DNA-modified building blocks. The focal point of the study was the assembly of decahedral nanoparticles – which have 10 sides – by using DNA as a guiding scaffold. Through a combination of computer simulations and meticulous experiments, the researchers discovered that these decahedral nanoparticles can be orchestrated to form quasicrystalline structures with intriguing five- and six-coordinated motifs.

Using nanoparticles administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, researchers from Yale University and St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (Memphis, TN) have developed a treatment that may overcome significant challenges in treating a particularly deadly brain cancer. Targeting tumors in the cerebrospinal fluid has proven difficult, in part because the fluid rapidly cycles through the central nervous system about four times a day in humans, typically flushing away anti-tumor drugs before they've had a chance to accumulate and have any effect. To get around this obstacle, the researchers made nanoparticles that adhere to tumors.