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A Pennsylvania State University-led international collaboration has fabricated a self-powered, standalone sensor system capable of monitoring gas molecules in the environment or in human breath. The system combines nanogenerators with micro-supercapacitors to harvest and store energy generated by human movement.
An ideal nanovesicle to fight cancer needs to have three functionalities: * a molecule that would bind to surface markers on cancer cells, * a strongly bound radionuclide signal that would allow a PET scan to locate the vesicles in the body, and * the ability to carry and release a drug treatment in the tumor. Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham have now described a tiny polymersome – a 60-#nanometer hollow sphere with a thin wall – that appears to have these functionalities.
Engineers at Duke University have produced the world's first fully recyclable printed electronics that replace the use of chemicals with water in the fabrication process. In previous work, the researchers demonstrated the first fully recyclable printed electronics. The devices used three carbon-based inks: semiconducting carbon nanotubes, conductive graphene and insulating nanocellulose. This time, the engineers developed a cyclical process in which the device is rinsed with water, dried in relatively low heat and printed on again. When the amount of surfactant used in the ink is also tuned down, the inks and processes can create fully functional, fully recyclable, fully water-based transistors.
Currently, there is only one approved treatment that reduces the severity of the allergic reaction resulting from peanut allergies, and it takes months to kick in. A group of immunologists from the University of California, Los Angeles, is aiming to change that. Taking inspiration from COVID-19 vaccines as well as their own research, they created a first-of-its-kind nanoparticle that delivers mRNA to specific cells in the liver. Those cells, in turn, teach the body's natural defenses to tolerate peanut proteins.
Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh have developed lipid nanoparticles that are designed to carry mRNA specifically to the pancreas. The researchers packaged mRNA instructions for a bioluminescent protein into lipid nanoparticles and then injected them into mice either intravenously or intraperitoneally (that is, directly into the fluid that surrounds the pancreas). Using the glowing protein to see where the mRNA had traveled, they found that intraperitoneal injection resulted in more abundant and more specific delivery to the pancreas, compared with intravenous injection.
Researchers from Drexel University, the University of Pennsylvania, Reading Hospital (Reading, PA), and Acuitas Therapeutics (Vancouver, Canada) have shown that lipid nanoparticles – a vital component of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines – stimulate innate immune cells more efficiently in younger individuals than older ones. The researchers stress that understanding the immune responses to lipid nanoparticles in the aged population may help to offer strategies to improve vaccines in the aged population, or even tailor vaccines that are specific for that population.
Engineers at MIT, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and the University of Toronto have designed a new type of nanoparticle that can be administered to the lungs, where it can deliver messenger RNA encoding useful proteins. With further development, these nanoparticles could offer an inhalable treatment for cystic fibrosis and other diseases of the lungs, the researchers say. "This is the first demonstration of highly efficient delivery of RNA to the lungs in mice," says Daniel Anderson, a scientist involved in this study.
Researchers at the University of New Mexico have demonstrated that depending on their rotation frequencies, the radiative heat transfer between two rotating nanostructures can be increased, reduced, or even reversed with respect to the transfer that occurs in the absence of rotation. This discovery allows scientists to have a higher degree of control over the radiative heat transfer by making use of the rotation of the nanostructures.
Researchers from the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois Chicago have shown how to make MXenes – materials composed of many extremely thin layers of metal – more quickly and easily, with fewer toxic byproducts. The researchers discovered new chemical reactions that allow scientists to make MXenes from simple and inexpensive precursors. All scientists would need to do is mix chemicals with metals and then heat the mixture at 1,700°F.
Research led by scientists from Virginia Commonwealth University, The Johns Hopkins University, and Shandong First Medical University (Qingdao, China) may make corneal transplants more successful by using nanoparticles to encapsulate the medication. Each nanoparticle encapsulates a drug called dexamethasone sodium phosphate, one of the most commonly used corticosteroids for various ocular diseases. By using the nanoparticles to control the release of the medicine over time, patients would require only one injection right after the corneal transplantation surgery without frequent eye drops.
